NATIONALISM

I. Definition

The belief that each nation or group of people should have their own country, with clearly defined borders, and their own government. It is also the idea that people should be loyal to their country rather than to their leader. Finally, it is having pride in one’s country and being patriotic.

II. What makes a group of people a nation?

·  Nationality (common ethnicity)

·  Language (a language that all in the nation will speak)

·  Culture (a shared way of life)

·  History (common experiences)

·  Religion (a religion for most or all people)

·  Territory (the land for the nation)

III. Examples of Nationalism

A. Italy (1815-1870)

1. Giuseppe Mazzini and Young Italy (1832-1848)

2. Camilio Di Cavour Attempted to strengthen Piedmont and Sardinia

b. Secured Northern Italy

3. Giuseppe Gariabaldi and the Red Shirts

a. Gains control of Sicily and southern Italy

b. Steps aside for king of Sardinia to rule Italy

c. By 1870, Italy is unified, yet still has problem Between North and South

B. Germany

1. Consisted of 39 states dominated by Austria-Hungary and Prussia

2. Nationalism in Prussia unified it while Austria-Hungary suffered from it

3. King Wilhem I of Prussia in conflict with Parliament and appointed Otto von Bismarck as his prime minister

a. Used realpolitik

b. Questions to be settled with “Blood and Iron”

c. War with Austria (7 week’s war) to acquire more German land

d. War with France (Franco-Prussian War) in 1870 to unify remaining German states not under German Control

C. India

1. Under British control

2. Sepoy Mutiny

a. cartridges for guns soaked in animal fat pig or cow

b. 1857 soldiers refuse to take cartridges and jailed

c. Others rebelled

d. Marched on Delhi and took Delhi

3. 1855 Indian National Congress

a. Hindu professionals and business leaders

b. Equal opportunity to serve in government

c. Greater democracy and modernization

d. Eventual self-rule

4. Muslim League

a. 1906

b. Protect Muslim interests and rights

c. Separate Muslim state possibility

5. After World War I movement gets louder

6. Rowlett Act

a. British gov’t can jail protestors for up to two years without trial

b. 10,000 protest at Amristar

c. Troops fire on crowd and kill 400 Indians wound 1200

7. Mohandas Ghandi

a. Civil disobedience

b. Salt March to protest Salt Acts

IV. Latin American Nationalism

A. Haiti

1. French controlled

2. Large number of African slaves

3. August 1791 revolt begins

4. Toussaint L’Ouverture leads

a. Freed slaves in Santo Domingo

5. 1802 French troops put down revolt and imprison L’Ouverture

6. Jean-Jacques Dessaline picked up fight 1803

7. First free African slave colony in new world

B. Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin

1. Led the independence movements in Latin America

2. Creoles from Venezuela and Argentina

3. B declared independence for Venezuela in 1811

a. Long battle ends in 1821 with independence

4. SM declared independence in 1816 for Argentina

a. With Bernardo O’Higgins frees Chile

5. SM and B meet up in Ecuador in 1822

a. B commands army

b. SM goes back to Europe

c.  wins battle in 1824

C. Mexico

1. 1810 Padre Miguel Hidalgo calls for independence

a. Marched on Mexico City with mestizos and mulattos

b. Defeated 1811

2. 1821 Mexico declares its independence

3. Santa Anna leads fight against Spain when it tries to reconquer Mexico

a. Becomes president in 1833

b. War with the US ruins him

4. Benito Juarez

a. La Reforma – redistribution of land, separation of Church and state, and increase education

b. President in 1858

c. French invade in 1862

d. Reelected president in 1867

e. Promoted trade and set up educational system