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I. Italy
A. Fascism
1. loyalty to the state and obedience to its leader
2. promises
a. revive economy
b. punish those responsible for hard times
c. restore national pride
3. extreme nationalism
4. uniforms
5. loyalty to leader
6. Causes of rise of fascism
a. 1919 failure to win large land gains
b. rising inflation
c. unemployment
d. inflation
B. Benito Mussolini
1. newspaper editor and politician
2. promises
a. revive economy
b. rebuild armed forces
c. strong leadership
3. founds Fascist party in 1919
4. publicly criticized Italy’s government
5. campaign of terror
6. Oct 1922 30,000 fascists march on Rome
a. demand King Victor Emmanuel III put Mussolini in charge of
government
b. VE allows Mussolini to form a government
7. Mussolini becomes IL Duce (the leader)
a. Abolishes democracy
b. outlaws all political parties except Fascists
c. Secret police jails opponents
d. Gov’t censorship
e. Outlaws strikes
f. Controls economy by allying Fascists with large landowners and
industrialists
8. Never has total control but is model for Germany and USSR.
II. Germany
A. After World War I
1. Weimar Republic
a. weak gov’t
b. democratic
c. too many political parties
d. blamed the republic for defeat and humiliation
2. inflation
a. printed too much money for wartime expenses
b. continued to print more money to pay war reparations
3. Dawes plan
a. $200 million loan from US
b. stabilize currency
c. realistic schedule of payments for War Reparations
d. by 1929 Germany economy starting to recover
4. Kellogg-Briand Act 1928
a. renounce war as a means of national policy
b. no way to enforce it
5. US Stock market crashes
a. effects around the world
b. no more US loans and investments
B. Hitler’s Germany
1. background
a. born in Austria 1889
b. high school drop out
c. failed artist
d. joins war effort in WWI
e. awarded the Iron Cross for bravery
f. 1920 joins right wing political group
2. National Socialist German Workers’ (NAZI) Party
a. overturn Treaty of Versailles
b. combat communism
c. supported by lower and middle class
d. kind of fascism called Nazism
e. swastika = symbol
f. private military = Storm troopers = Brownshirts
g. Hitler chosen as leader
3. 1923 Nazis try to take Munich
a. failure
b. Hitler arrested and sentenced to five years
c. Hitler serves 9 months and writes Mein Kampf
(My struggle)
4. Mein Kampf
a. book
b. blueprint for Nazis
c. Germans (Aryans) = master race
d. Non-Aryan races = inferior (gypsies, Jews)
e. Against Treaty of Versailles
f. Regain land lost for lebensraum (living space) for overcrowded
Germany
5. Depression hits and people turn to Hitler and the NAZIS for
answers
a. largest political party by 1932.
b. 1933 Hitler named chancellor
c. Hitler calls for new elections
d. Enabling Act passed
6. Hitler’s rise
a. absolute control for four years
b. banned all other political parties
c. opponents arrested
d. SS was created loyal straight to Hitler
e. Secret police = Gestapo
f. Took control of economy (ban on strikes,
dissolved labor unions, gov’t control of business)
g. Puts Germans to work unemployment down
h. Turns press, radio, literature, arts, film into propaganda
i. Book burning
j. Hitler Youth and League for German girls
6. Nuremberg Laws passed 1933
a. limits Jews rights in Germany
b. Kristallnacht November 9, 1938 violence against Jews nation wide
7. German moves to war
a. 1935 will not obey military restrictions
b. March 7, 1936 German troops enter Rhineland
c. Oct 1936 Rome-Berlin Axis treaty between Italy and Germany
d. Nov1936 agreement with Japan = Axis Powers
e. July 1936 send troops to support Francisco Franco in Spain
f. Mar 1938 absorb Austria
g. Sept 1938 wants Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia
h. Munich Conference gives him Sudetenland but promise to obey new
borders
i. 1939 takes all of Czech
j. Non-aggression pact with USSR signed Aug 1939 agreeing not to
attach and split Poland
k. September 1, 1939 invade Poland
l. WWII starts
III. USSR
A. Lenin
1. Revolutionary leader
2. Marxist
3. Fled in 1900’s to avoid arrest
4. Returns in 1917
5. Bolshevik leader
6. Leads November Revolution 1917
7. Restores order after civil war
a. NEP (New Economic Policy)
b. Organizes Russia into self-government republics
c. 1922 renames country USSR (union of Soviet
Socialist Republics)
d. communist party begins
8. has several strokes
9. 1924 dies opening power struggle
10. preserved and on display in Russia
B. Joseph Stalin
1. Lenin distrusted him
2. 1922 general secretary of Communist party
3. 1924 controls party
4. 1929 forces Leon Trotsky into exile
5. totalitarianism
a. total control of government
6. Tries to improve economy
a. Command economy
b. 1928 5 year plan = rapid industrial growth set high
quotas, produce only those needed goods.
c. good shortages follow 5 year plans
d. first few 5 year plans showed promise
7. Collective farms
a. gov’t seizes privately owned land
b. hundreds of families work large gov’t owned land
c. wealthy peasants = kulaks resist and are killed
d. by 1938 90% of peasants live on collective farms
8. Great Purge on 1934-1939
a. get rid of non-supporters
many
b. police can arrest anyone
million people
9. Used propaganda to get point across
10. Censorship
11. Religious persecution
a. Orthodox Church
b. Jews
c. Catholics
d. Religion goes underground
12. education
a. state controlled
b. women more educated than before